Breve reseña histórica de Linux
Linux hace su aparición a principios de la década de los noventa, era el año 1991 y por aquel entonces un estudiante de informática de la Universidad de Helsinki, llamado Linus Torvalds empezó, -como una afición y sin poder imaginar a lo que llegaria este proyecto, a programar las primeras lineas de código de este sistema operativo al que llamaria más tarde Linux.
Este comienzo estuvo inspirado en MINIX, un pequeño sistema Unix desarrollado por Andy Tanenbaum. Las primeras discusiones sobre Linux fueron en el grupo de noticias comp.os.minix, en estas discusiones se hablaba sobre todo del desarrollo de un pequeño sistema Unix para usuarios de Minix que querian más. El 3 de julio de 1991, Linus Torvalds mandó el primer mensaje sobre Linux al grupo de noticias comp.os.minix:
Path: gmdzi!unido!mcsun!news.funet.fi!hydra!klaava!torvalds
From:Esta dirección de correo electrónico está siendo protegida contra los robots de spam. Necesita tener JavaScript habilitado para poder verlo. (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
Subject: Gcc-1.40 and a posix-question
Keywords: gcc, posix Message-ID: <Esta dirección de correo electrónico está siendo protegida contra los robots de spam. Necesita tener JavaScript habilitado para poder verlo. >
Date: 3 Jul 91 10:00:50 GMT
Organization: University of Helsinki
Lines: 28
Hello netlanders, Due to a project I'm working on (in minix), I'm interested in the posix standard definition. Could somebody please point me to a (preferably) machine-readable format of the latest posix rules? Ftp-sites would be nice.
As an aside for all using gcc on minix - the new version (1.40) has been out for some weeks, and I decided to test what needed to be done to get it working on minix (1.37.1, which is the version you can get from plains is nice, but 1.40 is better :-). To my surpice, the answer turned out to be - NOTHING! Gcc-1.40 compiles as-is on minix386 (with old gcc-1.37.1), with no need to change source files (I changed the Makefile and some paths, but that's it!). As default this results in a compiler that uses floating point insns, but if you'd rather not, changing 'toplev.c' to define DEFAULT_TARGET from 1 to 0 (this is from memory - I'm not at my minix-box) will handle that too. Don't make the libs, use the old gnulib&libc.a. I have successfully compiled 1.40 with itself, and everything works fine (I got the newest versions of gas and binutils at the same time, as I've heard of bugs with older versions of ld.c). Makefile needs some chmem's (and gcc2minix if you're still using it).
Linus TorvaldsEsta dirección de correo electrónico está siendo protegida contra los robots de spam. Necesita tener JavaScript habilitado para poder verlo.
PS. Could someone please try to finger me from overseas, as I've installed a "changing .plan" (made by your's truly), and I'm not certain it works from outside? It should report a new .plan every time.
El 25 de agosto de 1991, mandó el siguiente mensaje, el cual es considerado por muchos como el comienzo del proyecto Linux:
Path: gmdzi!unido!fauern!ira.uka.de!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu! wupost!uunet!mcsun!news.funet.fi!hydra!klaava!torvalds
From:
Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
Subject: What would you like to see most in minix?
Summary: small poll for my new operating system
Keywords: 386, preferences
Message-ID: <
Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT
Organization: University of Helsinki
Lines: 20
Hello everybody out there using minix -
I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready.
I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things). I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)
Linus (
PS. Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(.
Linus nunca anuncio la versión 0.01 de Linux (agosto/septiembre 1991), esta versión no era ni siquiera ejecutable, solamente incluia los principios del nucleo del sistema, estaba escrita en lenguaje ensamblador y asumia que uno tenia acceso a un sistema Minix para su compilación. El 5 de octubre de 1991, Linus anuncio la primera version "Oficial" de Linux, -version 0.02. Con esta version Linus pudo ejecutar Bash (GNU Bourne Again Shell) y gcc (El compilador GNU de C) pero no mucho mas funcionaba. En este estado de desarrollo ni se pensaba en los terminos soporte, documentación , distribución .....
Este fue el mensaje mandado a comp.os.minix:
Path: gmdzi!unido!mcsun!news.funet.fi!hydra!klaava!torvalds
From:
Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
Subject: Free minix-like kernel sources for 386-AT
Keywords: 386, preliminary version
Message-ID: <
Date: 5 Oct 91 05:41:06 GMT
Organization: University of Helsinki
Lines: 55
Do you pine for the nice days of minix-1.1, when men were men and wrote their own device drivers? Are you without a nice project and just dying to cut your teeth on a OS you can try to modify for your needs? Are you finding it frustrating when everything works on minix? No more all- nighters to get a nifty program working? Then this post might be just for you :-)
As I mentioned a month(?) ago, I'm working on a free version of a minix-lookalike for AT-386 computers. It has finally reached the stage where it's even usable (though may not be depending on what you want), and I am willing to put out the sources for wider distribution. It is just version 0.02 (+1 (very small) patch already), but I've successfully run bash/gcc/gnu-make/gnu-sed/compress etc under it.
Sources for this pet project of mine can be found at nic.funet.fi (128.214.6.100) in the directory /pub/OS/Linux. The directory also contains some README-file and a couple of binaries to work under linux (bash, update and gcc, what more can you ask for :-). Full kernel source is provided, as no minix code has been used. Library sources are only partially free, so that cannot be distributed currently. The system is able to compile "as-is" and has been known to work. Heh. Sources to the binaries (bash and gcc) can be found at the same place in /pub/gnu.
ALERT! WARNING! NOTE! These sources still need minix-386 to be compiled (and gcc-1.40, possibly 1.37.1, haven't tested), and you need minix to set it up if you want to run it, so it is not yet a standalone system for those of you without minix. I'm working on it. You also need to be something of a hacker to set it up (?), so for those hoping for an alternative to minix-386, please ignore me. It is currently meant for hackers interested in operating systems and 386's with access to minix.
The system needs an AT-compatible harddisk (IDE is fine) and EGA/VGA. If you are still interested, please ftp the README/RELNOTES, and/or mail me for additional info.
I can (well, almost) hear you asking yourselves "why?". Hurd will be out in a year (or two, or next month, who knows), and I've already got minix. This is a program for hackers by a hacker. I've enjouyed doing it, and somebody might enjoy looking at it and even modifying it for their own needs. It is still small enough to understand, use and modify, and I'm looking forward to any comments you might have.
I'm also interested in hearing from anybody who has written any of the utilities/library functions for minix. If your efforts are freely distributable (under copyright or even public domain), I'd like to hear from you, so I can add them to the system. I'm using Earl Chews estdio right now (thanks for a nice and working system Earl), and similar works will be very wellcome. Your (C)'s will of course be left intact. Drop me a line if you are willing to let me use your code.
Linus
PS. to PHIL NELSON! I'm unable to get through to you, and keep getting "forward error - strawberry unknown domain" or something.
Despues de la versión 0.03, Linus saltó en la numeración hasta la 0.10, más y más programadores a lo largo y ancho de internet empezaron a trabajar en el proyecto y despues de sucesivas revisiones, Linus incremento el número de versión hasta la 0.95 (Marzo 1992), la primera capaz de ejecutar el sistema X-windows. Más de un año despues (diciembre 1993) el núcleo del sistema estaba en la versión 0.99 y la versión 1.0.0 no llegó hasta el 14 de marzo de 1994.
El 9 de Mayo 1996, Tux fue propuesto como mascota oficial de Linux.
El 9 de junio de 1996 fue lanzada la serie 2.0.x, la 2.2.x no llegó hasta el 25 de enero de 1999 y la 2.4.x hasta el 4 de enero del 2001. El 17 de diciembre del 2003 fue lanzada la serie actual del nucleo, la 2.6.x y el desarrollo de Linux sigue avanzando dia a dia con la meta de perfeccionar y mejorar el sistema.
